Apart from the philosophical part of it as Steven replied so nicely, the technical view is that we are made up of six elements(99% of human body): oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.
As well as the answers given by Steve and Eleni, I think on a philosophical level what makes us human is our consciousness (i.e. brain and mind, how we think about ourselves), how we act, interact with other species and the consequences that these actions have on the world.
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